11. Fluid and electrolyte transport and pathophysiology of diarrhea.
12. Ruminant digestive physiology.
Cardiovascular topical outline (MM):
1. Heart: Cardiac muscle as functional syncytium, the vascular system, types of cardiac cells.
2. Electrophysiology: transmembrane potentials.
3. Action potentials in cardiac muscle: excitation-contraction coupling, duration of contraction, heart rate and duration of contraction.
4. Rhythmicity, specialized excitatory and conduction system of the heart: automatic rhythmicity (pacemaker), mechanisms of rhythmicity, action potentials of SA node, action potentials of AV nodal cells, purkinje fiber action potential, autonomic transmitters and pacemaker activity, acetylcholine, catecholamines, ectopic pacemaker, vagal stimulation, sympathetic stimulation, mechanisms whereby a pacemaker cell may alter its rate of impulse formation, factors that alter the rate of pacemaker cells.
5. Electrocardiography: sequence of cardiac excitation, genesis of EKG deflections, relationship between the action potential of ventricular myocardial cell and QRS complex, components of electrocardiograph, electrocardiographic leads, determinants of the polarity and magnitude of an electrocardiographic deflection, atrial depolarization, atrial repolarization, sequence, signifance of the Purkinje system, representation of the sequence of ventricular depolarization in dog by vectors, genesis of lead II QRS complex in the dog, ventricular depolarization and genesis of the lead II QRS in the horse and ruminant, nomenclature, ventricular repolarization.
11. Intrinsic regulation of cardiac function: determinants of cardiac performance, preload, afterload, contractility (inotropic state), rate-induced regulation.
12. Extrinsic regulation of cardiac performance: nervous and chemical: sympathetic, parasympathetic, reflexes.
Respiratory physiology (MM):
1. Ventilation and respiratory tree.
2. Diffusion.
3. Blood flow.
4. Symbols used in respiratory physiology.
5. Atmospheric and alveolar air.
6. Ventilation.
7. Capacity of lungs.
8. Composition of respired air.
9. Pulmonary circulation.
10. Pulmonary vascular resistance.
11. Alveolar ventilation and perfusion.
12. Anatomical and phiological shunts.
13. Indices of ventilation:perfusion inequalities.
14. Fluid filtration in lungs.
15. Transport of O2 and CO2 between lungs and peripheral tissues.
16. Carbon monoxide poisoning.
17. CO2 transport.
18. Events at the level of systemic capillaries.
19. Regulation of breathing: central controller, peripheral chemoreceptors, respiratory pattern in CB resected animals, central chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, effects of various brain-stem resections on ventilatory pattern of an anesthetized cat, Cheyne-Stokes respirations.
20. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
21. Acid-base disorders: respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, how to obtain values for a PCO2 isobar.